#: locale=de-CH ## Aktion ### URL LinkBehaviour_A9AF8F21_A7E2_450E_41B2_6BFCED548E8F.source = https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?source=webclient&url=https://empa-virtual.ch/nest/en LinkBehaviour_A8463FCF_A7E2_4511_41D8_723F0A3DBF24.source = https://www.empa-virtual.ch/nest/de/waterhub/index.htm?skip-loading LinkBehaviour_9CD319D6_8842_BD2D_41E0_8D3C37534F58.source = https://www.empa-virtual.ch/nest/en/index.htm?skip-loading&media-index=3   LinkBehaviour_A95C5993_A7E2_CD31_41DC_17E07EB7268B.source = https://www.empa-virtual.ch/nest/en/waterhub/index.htm?skip-loading LinkBehaviour_AA17C351_A7E2_7D0E_41CF_FE08A06B94C8.source = https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fempa-virtual.ch%2Fnest%2Fen%2F LinkBehaviour_A917D08F_A7E2_FB11_41C0_84A643FE36DF.source = https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fempa-virtual.ch%2Fnest%2Fen%2F WebFrame_C300BFBB_DA8B_27BE_41DA_A82ACC2590EF.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/PUrhwUpNOxw ## Hotspot ### Tooltip 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HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DD6A8F76_C822_9A41_41DF_91A05589EDE7.toolTip = Separating the urine directly at the source HotspotMapOverlayArea_17017EBC_0D1D_489E_41AA_058D54B052C5.toolTip = Separation toilet HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DF48B7E8_C495_0707_41CF_4AF682E748E6.toolTip = Step 1 to 4: Purify the greywater HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D926B640_C81D_6125_41D0_CF5DF8510FCC.toolTip = Step 1: Collect the urine HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D8DFFD98_C80A_E322_41D9_71FBB3FDFF98.toolTip = Step 2: Stabilize the urine HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D90B5E00_C80E_A122_4190_AA31E5562FD0.toolTip = Step 3: Remove pollutants HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D8C11E17_C805_A120_41E3_6D96839CD28D.toolTip = Step 4: Evaporation HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DF83695B_C48D_0B05_41D5_1648883A3D9D.toolTip = Step 5: Remove organic material HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_30B75A31_22D2_B0FF_41A2_1302099BE25C.toolTip = To the virtual separation toilet HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_31AFF1AE_22D2_73E2_41C0_0329A766D10D.toolTip = To 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Questions and feedback


Do you have specific questions or would you like to give us feedback on the virtual NEST tour? Then get in touch with us.



Further information


Would you like to be informed regularly about the activities at NEST and Empa? Then please find our media subscriptions here.



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Unfortunately, your answer is not correct.


But feel free to look around before you return to the Christmas tree. There is much to discover here.


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Energy recovery from feces


To enable the researchers to recover energy and nutrients from the blackwater - i.e. the water from the toilets containing flush water, feces, toilet paper and sometimes urine - without risk, they first have to separate the solids from the liquid. It has been shown that drainage is central to resource recovery and must therefore be optimized so that as little energy as possible is used.
In the Water Hub, blackwater is used for basic research, as well as for the development of technologies for practical application. The research focus lies on the mechanical understanding of drainage, so that the treatment can be better monitored and controlled. At the same time, the researchers are testing different drainage techniques and optimizing them so that they can be used in decentralized systems. One result of the treatment are, for example, pellets that can be used for heating.


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Fertilizer from urine


Humans excrete most of their nutrients through their urine. Urine thus contains the most important components of a fertilizer that provides nutrients for plants. At the Water Hub, researchers, therefore, recycle urine and produce the universal fertilizer "Aurin" from it. It is the world's first urine-based fertilizer to receive an official permit for use on edible plants. The production technology is based on the VUNA pilot plant "Complete Nutrient Recovery". This project ultimately resulted in the Eawag spin-off Vuna GmbH, which now manufactures and markets "Aurin".


Further information on the urine treatment
Further information on "Aurin"
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Greywater after adsorption on activated carbon


Remaining organic substances are filtered out in the activated carbon filter. In this vial, the treated greywater has been dyed with blue dye and activated carbon has been added. Compare it with the previous vial, which also contains treated greywater dyed blue, but without activated carbon. This will show the effect of adsorption on the activated carbon.
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Greywater before adsorption on the activated charcoal filter
Remaining organic substances are filtered out in the activated carbon filter. In this vial, the treated greywater has been dyed with blue dye. Compare it to the next vial, which also contains blue dyed treated greywater. Additionally, activated carbon was added. This shows the effect of adsorption on the activated carbon.
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Greywater from showers and sinks


Untreated greywater contains small and larger particles that are already visible to the human eye.
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Greywater treatment


The greywater, i.e. the water from the showers and the sinks, passes through various treatment stages in the Water Hub. In these small bottles, you can see how the greywater changes during the process.


Further information on the greywater treatment
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Heat recovery during showering


In the NEST unit DFAB HOUSE, part of the energy of the shower wastewater is recovered by two Joulia heat exchange systems. This is done by passing the warm wastewater through the supply pipes with cold freshwater. This water is preheated by about 15°C and then fed to the shower fitting, where up to 40% less hot water needs to be added. In collaboration with Empa, Eawag is carrying outflow and temperature measurements to compare the energy savings in operation with the laboratory values.




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MBR permeate after the membrane


In the membrane bioreactor (MBR), the water is biologically purified and particles and bacteria are filtered out so that no more contamination is visible.
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Quality of the greywater during distribution and storage


To reuse greywater at the building level, the contaminated water must be treated, stored, and fed into a distribution network. For reuse options that do not require drinking water quality (e.g. toilet flushing) a separate distribution network is needed. It is important that the water is hygienically safe after treatment in order to protect the health of users.


In the Water Hub, Eawag researchers are investigating what happens at the microbial and chemical levels in the water during storage and distribution. The researchers are focusing on the safe reuse of greywater at the building level. They evaluate the conditions under which safe water quality is achieved and can be maintained.


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Recovering nutrients from urine


In order to recover the valuable nutrients for the fertilizer "Aurin" from the collected urine, it undergoes a multi-stage process in the Water Hub.
First, it is stabilized in nitrification, i.e. the nitrogen is converted into a form (nitrate) that can no longer volatilize. In untreated urine, in fact, the nitrogen volatilizes in the form of ammonia and, together with organic substances, causes a bad odor. Drug residues are removed in the blue activated carbon filter next to the nitrification unit. As a result, "Aurin" is absolutely free of pollutants. Unlike artificial fertilizers, the innovative urine fertilizer also contains no heavy metals such as cadmium or uranium. Finally, the urine is evaporated to reduce its volume. Thus, with "Aurin", the nutrient cycle can be closed using a native raw material - urine.


Further information on urine separation
Further information on "Aurin"


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Recovering water from wastewater


Greywater is domestic wastewater without feces and urine. It comes, for example, from the shower or the sink. Normally, greywater in households ends up in the sewerage system with the rest of the wastewater. However, there are also possibilities to treat it and reuse it in the household. The better the quality of the treated greywater, the more flexible the reuse. Besides the use for flushing toilets or irrigation, well-treated greywater could even be used for showering or for drinking water. This wastewater stream thus offers great potential for ultimately saving water.
In the Water Hub, Eawag researchers are investigating greywater treatment and developing it further. It is therefore still under development, and the treated greywater is not yet reused in the building.


Further information
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Separate pipes


All wastewater streams from the NEST flow into the Water Hub in separate pipes so that nutrients, water and energy can be efficiently recovered from them.






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Separating the urine directly at the source


The "Save! Toilet" from Keramik Laufen AG separates the urine from the flushing water without any mechanics or sensors. The urine flows along the ceramic edge into a separate urine opening. The faster-flowing flushing water, on the other hand, overflows this edge and transports away feces and toilet paper, as is the case with conventional toilets. The special shape that makes this possible was designed by Harald Gründl and his team from the Austrian company EOOS Design.





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Step 1 to 4: Purify the greywater


First, the greywater is biologically purified in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). In the process, organic carbon is decomposed and ammonium is nitrified to nitrate. An ultrafiltration membrane retains particles and bacteria.





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Step 1: collect the urine


This storage tank collects the urine that comes in separate pipes from the toilets in the NEST building.
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Step 2: Stabilize the urine


With the help of nitrification, the urine is stabilized. As a result, it loses its strong smell.
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Step 3: Remove pollutants


In this process, an activated carbon filter is used to remove drug residues and hormones from the urine so that the final fertilizer is ultimately free of pollutants.
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Step 4: Evaporation


In the final process, the stabilized urine, freed from pollutants, is finally evaporated, reducing its volume. The end product is a 10- to 20-fold concentrated liquid with high fertilizer value: the fertilizer "Aurin" from Eawag's spin-off Vuna GmbH.
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Step 5: Remove organic material


As a second treatment step, a biological activated carbon filter removes remaining organic substances with the aim of producing biologically stable water. The difficulty here is that both greywater quality and quantity vary greatly on an hourly and daily basis. The researchers are currently investigating how this variability affects the degradation processes in the activated carbon filter.






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The Urinator


The Urinator from EOOS is a tool for the development of urine separation toilets. It is designed to test, compare and ultimately improve separation toilets by simulating male and female urine flows.
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Urine separation toilet


In the NEST, the "Save! toilets" from the Keramik Laufen AG are the key to efficient separation of urine and feces. The innovative toilet separates urine from flushing water without any mechanics or sensors at all. The trick behind it is the urine trap, which is based on the so-called "teapot effect". The urine flows along the ceramic edge into a separate urine opening. The faster-flowing flush water, on the other hand, overflows this edge and carries away feces and toilet paper, as is known from commercial toilets. The special shape that makes this possible was created by designer Harald Gründl and his team from the Austrian company EOOS Design.


To the virtual separation toilet and further information on the development
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Urine


In NEST, urine is already separated from the other wastewater streams at the source. An important piece of the puzzle is the separation toilet. Valuable nutrients are recovered from the separated urine in the Water Hub and processed into the liquid fertilizer Aurin.


To the urine treatment
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Wastewater as a source of nutrients, energy and water


The circular economy also offers great potential for wastewater. At NEST, the Water Research Institute Eawag is conducting research on a decentralized wastewater treatment system to use wastewater as a source of nutrients, energy and water. Wastewater streams at NEST are separated at the source and led to the Water Hub via separate pipelines. Here, Eawag researchers are working with partners from industry and research to develop new technologies for the treatment of separated wastewater streams, enabling them to recover valuable resources from the wastewater.
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Water Hub: decentralized and resource-oriented wastewater treatment


At the Water Hub, Eawag scientists are conducting research on sustainable and decentralized wastewater treatment: here, wastewater is regarded not as waste but as a resource. NEST wastewater is thus turned into fertilizer, clean water and energy is recovered. This is made possible by separating the various wastewater streams throughout the building at the source. Special toilets separate urine from black water (rinse water with fecal matter), and parallel pipes carry the streams separately to the Water Hub. The same applies to the greywater from the bathrooms and kitchens. By treating the different wastewater streams, the researchers aim to close the loops.



Opening: May 2016


Partners: Vuna, GF, Laufen


Website Water Hub


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Blackwater


The feces separated in the toilets are fed together with the flush water into the Water Hub. Here, the researchers are investigating the process by which feces can be turned into pellets. By burning them, energy in the form of heat could eventually be recovered.


To the blackwater treatment
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Blackwater


The feces separated in the toilets are fed together with the flush water into the Water Hub. Here, the researchers are investigating the process by which feces can be turned into pellets. By burning them, energy in the form of heat could eventually be recovered.
To the blackwater treatment
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Greywater


Greywater is slightly soiled water that comes, for example, from showers and washbasins. Using a novel treatment process, water is finally recovered from the greywater, which can be used for toilet flushing, washing, cleaning and irrigation if it has a sufficiently high quality. This can save around 50% freshwater.


To the greywater treatment
### Tooltip Image_CFDB597F_FF9A_5FF2_41E7_56541BB34F4F.toolTip = Greywater after adsorption on the activated carbon Image_CF6884DF_FF9E_F532_41B4_DC99EB4A93D4.toolTip = Greywater after purification in the membrane bioreactor Image_CF8B0140_FF9A_4F0F_41DA_F527FEFF3CA5.toolTip = Greywater before adsorption on the activated carbon Image_CF3FB806_FF99_DD12_41E7_53AB9E059F56.toolTip = Untreated greywater ## Tour ### Beschreibung tour.description = Virtual tour through the research and innovation building NEST of Empa and Eawag ### Titel tour.name = Virtual NEST Tour